The world has long known all sorts of ways to lose weight. The blood type diet is considered one of the most effective methods. Nutritionists say: if you know the foods that you can eat and which should be avoided, you can get rid of extra pounds. Interested? Detailed information in the article.
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Who developed the blood type diet?
Despite the fact that the scientific community has come to a consensus that blood type does not affect the choice of food, it was on the contrary statement that naturopath Peter D'Adamo (Peter D'Adamo) developed a blood type diet (without a higher medical education, has a license "healer"). According to D'Adamo, the physiological characteristics of an organism correlate with blood type, and each type of blood has a different evolutionary heritage, therefore nutrition also depends on blood type. His conclusions are based on medical practice and observations of patients. The doctor did not conduct controlled studies, but this is not necessary - the naturopath conducts seminars around the world and sells books in millions of copies and without any evidence base.
Indications and contraindications
The diet, first of all, is aimed at forming attention to your daily diet, therefore the main indications for such a diet are: overweight and its accompanying tendency to overeat and promiscuity in nutrition.
Contraindications to this diet are as follows:
- diabetes of any type;
- chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
- diseases of the hematopoietic system;
- pregnancy and lactation;
- infectious and viral diseases;
- any ailments in the active phase.
What is the blood type diet based on?
A prerequisite for the creation of the diet is the erroneous notion that human blood types began to appear 60,000 years ago among primitive hunters.
The higher (humanoid, hominoids) monkeys have the same 4 blood groups, and they cannot be attributed to either “hunters”, or “agrarians”, or “nomads”.
D'Adamo's theory of the evolution of blood types, based on personal opinion about social evolution, in several theses:
- The first universal blood type 0(I) was formed thanks to the diet of Neanderthal hunter-gatherers 60,000 years ago (by the way, you and I are not direct descendants of Neanderthals, no matter what blood type we have). There were no blood types before Neanderthals. People with blood type 0(I) should stick to the "paleo diet" - high in animal protein and greens. Cereals are contraindicated for them.
- The second blood type A (II) appeared around 15,000 BC. when young mankind moved from hunting and gathering to an agricultural way of life. For the "agrarian" blood type, it is not recommended to eat food of animal origin, including dairy products. Modern people with A(II) should stick to a vegetarian diet.
- The third blood group B (III) arose in 10,000 BC, when some groups of people began to roam and eat cereals, the races began to mix (!). A balanced diet is recommended, but seafood, pork, and chicken should be avoided.
- The fourth blood type AB (IV) came from a mixture of the second and third, due to the diversity in nutrition, about 1500 years ago, literally yesterday by evolutionary standards. Nutrition recommendations in this group are quite controversial (however, as in other types).
Where Peter D'Adamo got these facts from, I don't know. In textbooks on anthropology and hematology, there are not even such hypotheses, not to mention theories or facts. The evolutionary-biological basis of the blood type diet is based on the incompetence of its author. Furthermore, an American Society for Nutrition meta-analysis of 1,415 articles related to nutrition by blood group found only one article that met the selection criteria for this topic (this is the only study that looked at cholesterol and blood type, see the original source for more details) .
What products are prohibited?
- chicken, veal, beef, pork, duck, goose, venison, buffalo, partridge, quail, heart;
- halibut, eel, beluga, long flounder, striped and stone perch, haddock, anchovies, oysters, frogs, crayfish, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopuses;
- whole milk, butter, cheeses - blue, brie, american, parmesan;
- oils - sunflower, sesame, corn, cottonseed;
- hazelnuts, poppy seeds, pumpkin, sesame and sunflower seeds;
- corn and products from it, buckwheat;
- black and fava beans, lima, vegetable and radiant beans, chickpeas;
- radish, avocado, yellow pepper, artichoke, Jerusalem artichoke, hot red capsicum and ground pepper;
- oranges, persimmons, mangoes, coconut, pomegranates, guava, rhubarb;
- barley malt, edible gelatin, cornstarch, ketchup, vinegar;
- anise, allspice, capers, cayenne pepper, ground white and black;
- drinks: black tea, alcoholic drinks, orange juice;
- decoctions and infusions of hops, shepherd's purse, fenugreek, coltsfoot, linden, corn stigmas, aloe, gentian, senna, mullein, meadow clover.
How did the evolution of blood types actually occur?
Phylogenetic tree of evolution of AB0 genes
The immunogeneticists Luiz C. de Mattos and Haroldo Moreira talk about the origin of blood groups in the Brazilian Journal of Hematology: “0(I) blood type was not the first in an evolutionary sense. This would mean that gene 0 evolved before genes A and B, at the AB0 locus, but this is not the case. Phylogenetic relationships between human and non-human forms of the AB0 genes (alleles) show that type A(II) developed first. Type 0(I) is anomalous with respect to A and B." For more on the origin of blood types and their evolutionary development, see the original paper, titled "Was the O type the first blood type to appear in humans?".
Detailed review of the book by P. D'Adamo "Four blood types - four paths to health" from a senior researcher at the Laboratory of Anthropoecology of the Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Candidate of Medical Sciences. Andrey Igorevich Kozlov on the site Anthropogenesis.ru, I recommend that you familiarize yourself, and the site is generally magnificent - the fruit of many years of work of the best Russian popularizers of science. Anthropogenesis has most of the answers on the topic of blood evolution.
All blood types already existed in mankind long before the advent of agriculture.
The second group evolved from a common ancestor of chimpanzees and hominids about 5-6 million years ago. The first group appeared about 3.5 million years ago. B(III) evolved from A(II) about 2.5 million years ago. According to the logic of Dr. D'Adamo, the second blood type should be "predominantly meat-eating."
The next mistake of the author of the diet is that agriculture has received local development, and it was in that “agricultural Eden” that the A (II) blood type arose, and its carriers must now adhere to vegetarianism. However, anthropological findings and genetic studies indicate that agriculture developed completely independently in different parts of the world. The sowing practice of the first sedentary communities did not develop for centuries, and rarely ended in success. The optimistic claims of the author of the diet that the first farmers were healthier than hunter-gatherers are far from reality: since the beginning of agriculture in the Middle East, a person has lost about 15 cm in height. Considering that agriculture was 100% organic. In addition, genetic adaptation is not able to keep pace with cultural and technological progress.
Where to start: weight loss menu
To begin with, you can develop a menu for yourself for two or three days, which you will repeat during the first week in order to understand the nuances of forming the right diet for people with the second blood type. On the first day for breakfast, you can cook yourself rice porridge with fresh apricots, which can be replaced with dried apricots in winter. One serving should not exceed 250 grams.
Add a cup of green tea to it. For lunch, cook vegetable soup from a couple of medium-sized potatoes, carrots, Brussels sprouts. If you wish, you can turn this dish into a puree soup, for which you simply chop the boiled vegetables in a blender. For a piquancy of taste, you can add a little pine nuts.
For dinner, stew zucchini with carrots and champignons (portion 250 grams). It is recommended to drink this dish with natural pineapple juice. As snacks between main meals on the first day, you can eat up to 50 grams of cashew nuts, up to five apricots or plums, one tomato or cucumber.
Start the second day with buckwheat porridge boiled in soy milk and a cup of freshly brewed green tea. For lunch, prepare a light salad of sorrel and boiled chicken eggs. Add fresh asparagus with grated carrots and herbs to it. Wash it down with cherry juice. Form a dinner from protein foods - boil chicken or turkey fillets, and garnish with rice with vegetables. Wash them down with cranberry juice. For snacks, use a mixture of walnuts, pine nuts and almonds (50 grams), up to five plums or apricots, 50 grams of prunes or dried apricots.
Start the menu of the third day with a vegetable or fruit salad and a cup of natural coffee without sugar. If you can't drink an unsweetened drink, add some soy milk to it to soften the taste. For lunch, cook mushroom soup with a couple of potatoes, carrots and onions. To it, prepare a salad of unsalted cheese, fresh cucumbers, boiled eggs and apples. Use a tablespoon of olive oil as a dressing. For dinner, bake any sea fish in the oven. Boil 200-300 grams of green beans for a side dish. Snacks on the third day can be any nuts and fresh fruit in small quantities.
You can rearrange the days as you see fit, but try not to mix the dishes of different days with each other, as they are harmoniously matched in calories.
If you want to lose weight, then you should not forget about the energy value of ready-made meals, because simply reviewing the grocery basket without cutting back on the amount eaten will not help get rid of extra pounds. Try to stick to the presented fractional nutrition in small portions. The digestive tract will be constantly at work, which will stir up the metabolism, and the metabolism in the body will accelerate. Thanks to this, every calorie received with food will be absorbed, and not turned into fat at the waist.
What's wrong with lectins?
The foundation of the blood type diet theory is based on lectins. Lectins are proteins and enzymes that can stick red blood cells (erythrocytes) together. The author of the diet claims that lectins contained in food that is not suitable for our blood type lead to systematic serious health problems: “clumping” of red blood cells, cirrhosis of the liver, heart attacks, blockage of blood vessels, kidney failure, atherosclerosis, decreased immunity, etc.
It is argued that with the wrong selection of products, each person is daily exposed to the destructive action of lectins - the vessels of vital organs will begin to clog with glued red blood cells. The syndrome of functional insufficiency caused by lectins should be widely spread and studied by medicine. First of all, pathologists should know about it, since the damage during the described processes should be extensive, especially in the elderly. This disease caused by lectin reserves and agglutinated blood cells cannot be hidden and must be clearly described, in combination with photographs from optical and electron microscopes, cytology, sections, histology of cells.
However, science knows nothing about lectin-glued erythrocytes... Moreover, lectins are widely distributed in nature - they are found in plants and animals, and not just in wheat, soybeans and corn. Most of the lectins, and there are about 800 of them, are not enzymes at all, and only a few are involved in the process of the immune response. Lectins play their role in living organisms - they activate lymphocytes (cells of the immune response) and stimulate their division, participate in the germination of plant seeds.
If you systematically eat a large amount of soybeans, make them the basis of the diet, you can earn an intestinal upset due to the toxic soy agglutinin lectin. But cooking negates the toxicity of agglutinin - boiling for 10 minutes neutralizes up to 99% of the lectins in the product. Soaking flushes out some of the lectins, and the fermentation process "digests" them - wheat yeast buns become more than safe for your intestines. Yes, eating raw beans can really kill you, just like a tablespoon of salt or 3 liters of water - this ironic list is endless.
The action of lectins does not depend on your blood type!
Gluten intolerance does not depend on blood type, but what will happen to such a person if, according to the diet corresponding to his blood type, he nevertheless forces himself to eat cereals? By the way, this is a rather rare genetic disease, but now it is very fashionable to consider gluten harmful for literally everyone. This is not true.
In general, there are about 300 blood types - according to Rh factors and their combination with the group and other classifications. What diet will the naturopath prescribe in each case?
Neutral foods diversify the diet
The list of allowed foods is quite small, but there is still a separate list of neutral options that will not harm your health. They should not be abused, but in reasonable amounts they will help you diversify your diet. Sometimes you can treat yourself to low-fat varieties of poultry - chicken, turkey. When dieting, people with the second blood group are advised to choose fillet, as it has more protein and a minimum of fat.
In rare cases, you can eat homemade yogurt for breakfast if you do not have a milk protein intolerance. Occasionally it is allowed to eat a few pieces of cheese, but if you want to lose weight, choose an unsalted variety. Salt retains excess fluid in the body, which leads to swelling.
Dilute your meals with a little barley porridge or oatmeal. Add bran bread to your main meals, which will make any meal more satisfying. In the summer, treat yourself to fresh corn and green peas, and it is best to refrain from canned versions of these vegetables. In a small amount, you can eat bread baked from cornmeal. Also, corn porridge will not harm people with the second blood group. Another of the vegetables to the neutral group include:
- radish;
- cauliflower;
- zucchini;
- pumpkin;
- zucchini;
- celery;
- horseradish.
What does the blood type depend on?
Bacteria and viruses are responsible for the diversity of blood groups, to which evolutionary protection has been built for millions of years. Indeed, there is a correlation between certain populations and blood types. This diversity is due to the pressure of natural selection through viral and bacterial infections, but not due to nutrition. The proof of this theory is the special mathematical models developed at University College London by Professor Robert Seymour and his colleagues (link is the full text of the study with a mathematical model and formulas). Their model shows that if viral infections predominate in the population, then O(I) blood type predominates, if bacterial infections are more common, then types A and B will occur more often. Dietary differences have nothing to do with this.
What products are allowed?
The list of useful products includes:
- turkey, lamb, rabbit meat;
- pike, hake, tuna, South African sardine, salmon, sea bass, sturgeon, cod, mackerel, sailfish, snails;
- eggs;
- low-fat sour cream, kefir, cottage cheese, yogurt, goat milk, goat cheese, homemade cheese, mozzarella and feta;
- olive oil;
- parsley, horseradish, garlic, curry;
- walnuts, peanuts, sweet chestnuts;
- oatmeal, spelled, oat and rice bran, millet, puffed rice;
- wheat and rye bread, rice cakes, whole grain bread, soy bread, brown rice, sprouted wheat;
- dark and red beans, spotted beans, red soybeans, green lentils;
- cucumbers, eggplants, cauliflower and leafy cabbage, sweet potato, garlic, celery, beets, parsnips, young leaves of beets and mustard, parsley;
- black, green and Concord grapes (and in the form of raisins), bananas, plums, pineapples, grapefruits, cherries, lemons, gooseberries, cranberries, kiwi, fresh and dried figs, dried apricots;
- drinks: green tea, coffee;
- juices from grapes, papaya, black cherries, carrots, cranberries, celery, cabbage;
- decoctions and infusions of hawthorn, rose hips, ginseng, echinacea, ginger, licorice root, chamomile, strawberry leaves, burdock, alfalfa.
Neutral products include:
- pheasant meat, liver;
- herring, silver and yellow perch, shark, croaker, striped catfish, carp, smelt, swordfish, sole, scallops, mussels, squid;
- cow's milk 2%, whey, hard cheeses;
- soy milk and cheese;
- cod liver oil, linseed, rapeseed, peanut oil;
- pine and American nuts, pistachios, cashews, macadamia, almonds;
- spelled bread, rye meal, wholemeal flour, gluten-free bread, products made from durum wheat, wheat bran, oat bran, wheat matzo;
- soup puree from wheat and rice, soy granules, wheat bran, amaranth, barley;
- zucchini, white, red and Chinese cabbage, swede, pumpkin, turnip, daikon, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, chicory, fennel, green onions, cumin, Spanish and yellow onions, leek, charlotte, asparagus, hothouse mushrooms , olives;
- apples, pears, apricots, peaches, nectarines, watermelons, melons, dates, papayas, tangerines, limes, elderberries, lingonberries, prunes, blueberries, blueberries, black and red currants, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries;
- jam and jelly from recommended fruits and berries, low-fat salad dressing, mustard;
- drinks: apple cider, white and red wine, water with lemon juice, seltzer and soda water, juices from apricot, plum, pineapple, apple, grapefruit;
- decoctions and infusions of yarrow, elderberry, sage, white birch buds, curly sorrel, mint, dandelion, verbena, thyme, valerian, raspberry leaves, white oak bark, St. John's wort.
Blood group and race
Peter D'Adamo's hints that the first blood type belongs to a superior race smacks of you know what. Race cannot be determined from a blood test. Races are not separate kinds of people! The study of human biology does not support any causal relationship between race and blood type, although correlations are present. Humanity is unusually homogeneous in its "composition" and origin.
We are 99.9% genetically identical, regardless of race, even taking into account gender, external and individual personality traits. Such "homogeneity" is not so common in nature - chimpanzees have 2-3 times more genetic variations, orangutans - 8-10 times (also our close relatives). There are certain factors that initially influenced the prevalence of blood types in some closed populations - a small number of ancestors (as in Australia); the "bottleneck" effect, not uncommon for aboriginal peoples; intragroup marriages, etc.
One example. Lactose intolerance is associated exclusively with the lactose tolerance gene. Among US Indians 100% lactose intolerance - 30-35% II (A), among Thais with 98% intolerance - 25-30% of alleles III (B). One hundred percent Eskimo meat-eaters have lactose intolerance of 80% - 80-90% I (0) (source).
Blood group and diseases. Is there a connection?
The relationship between immunity and blood type has been discussed above. Some diseases do have a connection with the blood type. This relationship has been unconditionally proven in only seven diseases (!). Where, then, does the data on the relationship of a particular disease with a blood group come from? Dr. Eric Topol Read more about the connection between blood type and diseases here.
Why are I(0) carriers more likely to get stomach ulcers? In 1993, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was discovered, which has a special relationship with one of the unique proteins of this group. This is just one example out of hundreds of others.
Instead of worrying about your blood type, you need to focus on the real causes of our most common diseases - sedentary lifestyle, smoking, overeating. These are real, undoubted risk factors that affect our health, regardless of blood type.
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